Suchergebnisse

AbstractBuilding institutions of sustainability which are able to govern the many resource problems in Central and Eastern European agriculture and environment requires time and coordination. Time is needed to respond to the complexity and diversity of agri‐environmental resource problems and coordination is required to make the institutions work across different levels of decision‐making. The efforts for building such institutions took place within the field of tension between accession and evolution. Accession related institutional change took place within the time frame foreseen by politicians to meet accession criteria. Most local agri‐environmental problems, however, require more time for matching agri‐environmental conditions, with the interests, goals and skills of the different actors involved. Such problems of multiple governance have been successfully addressed in many Western European countries, which calls for an exchange of knowledge between Western and Eastern European resource managers. Partnership is recommended as a particularly useful concept during transition for solving many of the problems faced by the different actors and authorities involved in the challenge of sustainable resource management. This paper demonstrates the challenges of governance at different levels of decision‐making and identifies factors which hamper and promot this process

In this paper, the author discusses two different beliefs of how institutional change towards sustainability in agriculture and environment works: the institutional view and the evolutionary view. Both perspectives are studied in the context of restructuring the agricultural sectors and rural environments in Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs). The specific nature of the agri-environmental problem calls for specific institutions and may require a specific building process. Case study results are presented showing the effect of EU accession on institutional change towards sustainability in several CEECs. The results provide evidence that the quality of institutional change required for sustainability goes beyond the building of legislative frameworks and requires more time than was envisaged by the roadmap to accession. Finally, the paper explores the role of social and human capital stocks in rural areas of CEECs outlining a number of differences in environmental governance in the agricultural sectors between various CEECs.

This book deals with economic values in the broader context of science and in the specific context of natural and social systems. The aim of this book is to explain and contribute to solving the divergence between value in economic theory and in social reality, in particular the reality of indigenous Dayak societies in Kalimantan, Indonesia. An economic theory that does not account for the many goods and services provided by the environment - termed bad economics by Schumacher (1993) - is commonly believed to be the cause of environmental deterioration. Various valuation techniques have been developed in order to close this gap and to come up with a total economic value of ecosystems. The idea of Schumacher's critique and its reception is to correct the balance sheets with an improved system of valuation and accounting.

Intro -- Foreword -- Contents -- COVID-19, Cities and Health: A View from New York -- 1 Key Messages -- Current and Future Human Exposure to High Atmospheric Temperatures in the Algarve, Portugal: Impacts and Policy Recommendations -- 1 Key Messages -- 2 Human Health and High Atmospheric Temperatures -- 3 Current and Projected Human Health Impact of Hot Days in the Algarve -- 4 Policy Recommendations -- References -- Neuroscience-Based Urban Design for Mentally Healthy Cities -- 1 Key Messages -- 2 Background -- 3 Findings -- 4 Conclusions and Recommendations -- Reference -- The Role of Money for a Healthy Economy -- 1 Key Messages -- 2 Background: The World Is on a Collision Course -- 3 Insights and Findings -- 3.1 Money Is Like the Blood of the Economy -- 3.2 Our Monetary System Obligates to Grow -- 3.3 Our Monetary System Produces Income Inequality -- 4 Policy Recommendation: Gesell's Solution -- References -- Developing Health-Promoting Schools: An Initiative in Government Schools of Indore City, India -- 1 Key Messages -- 2 Background -- 3 Findings -- 3.1 Training of Teachers as Health Ambassadors -- 3.2 Promoting Healthy School Environment -- 3.3 Multisector Collaboration and Convergence -- 4 Policy Recommendations -- References -- Mobility and COVID-19: Time for a Mobility Paradigm Shift -- 1 Key Messages -- 2 Overview -- 3 What Are the Main Mobility-Related Health Impacts Related to COVID-19? -- 3.1 Air Pollution -- 3.2 Noise -- 3.3 Physical Activity -- 4 How Can Mobility Contribute to COVID-19 Management and Beyond? -- 4.1 Reallocate Public Space to Prioritize Active and Local Mobility Whenever Possible -- 4.2 Make Public Transport as Safe as Possible -- 4.3 Promotion of the Rational Use of Private Transport, Taxis and Shared Vehicle Services -- 4.4 Use Technology to Manage and Programme Mobility -- 4.5 Change Working and Shopping Habits.

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- A Systems Approach to Urban Health and Well-being Has Come of Age in China -- 1 Ecological Civilization -- 2 Circular Economy -- 3 Healthy China 2030 -- 4 Case Studies -- 5 Policy Recommendations -- Reference -- A Systems Approach to Urban Health and Well-being Has Come of Age in the Asia-Pacific Region -- 1 Policy Context -- 2 The SCHEMA Project -- 3 Policy Recommendations -- References -- A Systems Approach to Urban Health and Well-being Has Come of Age in Latin America and the Caribbean -- References -- A Systems Approach to Urban Health and Well-being Has Come of Age in Africa -- Reference -- Facilitating the Governance of Urban Sustainability and Resilience Transitions with Knowledge-Action Systems Analysis -- 1 Wicked Urban Resilience Challenges -- 2 Illustration of the KASA Approach: Urban Land Sustainability in San Juan, Puerto Rico -- 3 Future Directions for KASA -- References -- Advancing Urban Health and Wellbeing Through Collective and Artificial Intelligence: A Systems Approach 3.0 -- 1 Challenges of Urban Health and Wellbeing -- 2 Collective and Artificial Intelligence -- 3 Evolution of the System Approach -- 4 A Callforaction: SA 3.0 and the Urban Brain -- References -- The Salud Urbana en América Latina (SALURBAL) Project: Learning from Latin America's Cities for a Healthier Future -- References -- Antimicrobial Resistance is a Health Risk in Chinese Cities-Now it Has Been Mapped -- References -- Financing and Implementing Resilience with a Systems Approach in Beirut -- 1 Urbanisation Context of Beirut -- 2 April 2017 Seminar -- 3 October 2017 Workshop -- 4 Finding 1: Building Resilience by Applying a Systems Approach -- 5 Proposed Architecture for Harnessing Complexity and Building Resilience -- 6 Finding 2: Resilience Brokers Programme-a Collaborative Model for Healthy and Resilient City-Regions.

Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Introduction to ICSU, UNU, IAP and IUE -- 1 Advancing Health and Wellbeing in the Changing Urban Environment -- 1 Background -- 2 Introduction: Urban Transformations and Health -- 3 Context and Relevance: Why Cities and Why Urban Health? -- 3.1 Urbanisation, Urban Density and Complexity -- 3.2 Governing Urban Complexity for Health and Wellbeing -- 4 Policy Relevance and Decision Making -- 5 A Systems Approach to Urban Health and Wellbeing -- 5.1 Why a Systems Approach Is Needed -- 5.2 What Is a Systems Approach to Urban Health and Wellbeing? -- 6 Implementing the Systems Approach: A Conceptual Framework -- 7 Vision and Goals of a Science Programme on a Systems Approach to Urban Health and Wellbeing -- 8 Guiding Principles and Thematic Areas -- 9 The Kind of City People Want -- References -- Endnotes -- Glossary -- Index

This paper aims at explaining the role and importance of the evolution of institutions for sustainable agri-environments during the transition process by referring to examples of agri-environmental problems faced in Central and Eastern European countries. It is often stated that the replacement of institutional structures in post socialist countries would bring a unique opportunity to implement new policies and institutions needed to ensure that economic growth is environmentally sustainable. This idea stems from the assumption that the breakdown of the socialist system resembles that (of the Schumpeterian1 type) of creative destruction - a process that incessantly revolutionizes economic structures from within. However, not all kinds of institutions, especially at local level, can simply be implemented, and even more, not incessantly. Instead, they evolve as a response to ecosystem and social system characteristics, and this is a rather slow process. A central question therefore is whether the required institutional arrangements for achieving sustainability in the area of agrienvironmental resource management can be built more easily in periods of transition as they fill institutional gaps, or whether processes of transition make institution building a more difficult and far more time consuming task than previously thought. Above all, we want to find out, how these two processes of institution building at different scales affect the sustainable management of resources such as water and biodiversity in agriculture? It will become clear that the agrienvironmental problem areas faced during transition are complex and dynamic and require adequate institutions both by political design and from the grassroots, to be developed by the respective actors involved. Transition from centrally planned to pluralistic systems has to be considered as a particular and in some respect non-typical process of institutional change. Popular theories of institutional change do not necessarily apply. The privatisation experience from many CEE countries will serve as an example. Finally, we will provide some examples of missing or insufficient interaction between political actors or agencies and people in CEE countries. Substantial investments into social and human capital, particularly regarding informal institutions are needed for institutions of sustainability to evolve.

Environment, general; Environmental Law/Policy/Ecojustice; Environmental Economics; Social Policy

Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Innovation for Marginalized Smallholder Farmers and Development: An Overview and Implications for Policy and Resear... -- Introduction -- Defining Small Farms Comprehensively -- Determinants of ``Smallness´´ of Farms -- Patterns and Change of Small Farms -- Size and Productivity -- Persisting Rural Poverty and Untapped Potential -- Innovation Strategies for the Rural Poor -- Overview: Innovative Intensification and Diversification for and with Marginalized Small Farmers -- Conclusions and Implications for Policy and Research -- References -- Part I: Innovation for the Rural Poor: Theory, Trends and Impacts -- Chapter 2: Institutional and Technological Innovations in Polycentric Systems: Pathways for Escaping Marginality -- Innovation in Polycentric Systems -- Marginality in Polycentric Systems -- Pathways Out of Marginality: Institutional and Technological Innovations -- Enabling and Inhibiting Functions of Institutions -- Horizontal and Vertical Value Creating Institutions in Polycentric Order -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Innovations for Food and Nutrition Security: Impacts and Trends -- Introduction -- Current FNS Situation -- The Main Features of Technological and Institutional Innovations for FNS -- The Impacts of Innovations -- The Impact of New Platform Technology -- ICT -- Biofortification -- The Impact of Traditional Technology Through the Home Garden -- Future Trends and Priorities of FNS Innovation: A Stakeholder Survey -- General FNS Awareness -- Agricultural Innovations and FNS -- Conclusions -- Appendix -- References -- Chapter 4: Psychology of Innovation: Innovating Human Psychology? -- Creative Process, Marginality and the Need to Innovate/Renovate -- Innovation as the `Lava´ from the Fount of Creativity: Few Behavioral Characteristics.

Agriculture; Agricultural Economics; Geography, general; Innovation/Technology Management